Harmless lung cancer? A provocative analysis suggests the world's top cancer killer isn't as deadly as doctors once thought, finding that almost 1 in 5 lung tumours detected on CT scans are probably so slow-growing that they would never cause problems.
These were not false-positives — suspicious results that turn out upon further testing not to be cancer. These were indeed cancerous tumours, but ones that caused no symptoms and were unlikely ever to become deadly, the researchers said.
Doctors don't know yet how to determine which symptomless tumours found on CT scans might become dangerous so all findings are treated aggressively.
Still, the results are not likely to change how doctors treat lung cancer.
For one thing, the disease is usually diagnosed after symptoms develop, when tumours show up on an ordinary chest X-ray and are potentially life-threatening.
Also, doctors don't know yet how to determine which symptomless tumours found on CT scans might become dangerous, so they automatically treat the cancer aggressively.
The findings underscore the need to identify biological markers that would help doctors determine which tumours are harmless and which ones require treatment, said Dr. Edward Patz, Jr., lead author and a radiologist at Duke University Medical Center. He is among researchers working to do just that.
'Putting the word 'harmless' next to cancer is such a foreign concept to people.'- Dr. Michael LeFevre
Patz said patients who seek lung cancer screening should be told about the study results.
"People have to understand that we're going to find some cancers which if we'd never looked, we never would have had to treat," he said. Among patients and even many doctors, "it's not something that is commonly known with lung cancer."
A leader of an influential government-appointed health panel agreed.
"Putting the word 'harmless' next to cancer is such a foreign concept to people," said Dr. Michael LeFevre, co-chairman of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
The panel recently issued a draft proposal recommending annual CT scans for high-risk current and former heavy smokers — echoing advice from the American Cancer Society. A final recommendation is pending, but LeFevre said the panel had already assumed that screening might lead to overdiagnosis.
"The more we bring public awareness of this, then the more informed decisions might be when people decide to screen or not," LeFevre said. He called the study "a very important contribution," but said doctors will face a challenge in trying to explain the results to patients.
In testimonials, patients often say lung cancer screening via CT scans cured them, but the study suggests that in many cases, "we cured them of a disease we didn't need to find in the first place," LeFevre said.
The study was published Monday in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine.
More than 200,000 Americans are diagnosed with lung cancer each year, and more than half of them die. Worldwide, there are about 1.5 million lung cancer deaths annually.
The new study is an analysis of data from the U.S. National Lung Cancer Screening Trial — National Cancer Institute research involving 53,452 people at high risk for lung cancer who were followed for about six years.
Half of them got three annual low-dose CT scans — a type of X-ray that is much more sensitive than the ordinary variety — and half got three annual conventional chest X-rays. During six years of follow-up, 1,089 lung cancers were diagnosed in CT scan patients, versus 969 in those who got chest X-rays.
That would suggest CT scans are finding many early cases of lung cancer that may never advance to the point where they could be spotted on an ordinary chest X-ray.
An earlier report on the study found that 320 patients would need to get CT screening to prevent one lung cancer death.
The new analysis suggests that for every 10 lives saved by CT lung cancer screening, almost 14 people will have been diagnosed with a lung cancer that would never have caused any harm, said Dr. Len Lichtenfeld, the cancer society's deputy chief medical officer.
He said that is a higher rate of overdiagnosis than he would have predicted, but that the study shows how much understanding of cancer has evolved. Decades ago, "every cancer was a bad cancer," he said.
Now it's known that certain cancers, including many prostate cancers, grow so slowly that they never need treatment.
The American College of Radiology said in statement that the earlier study showed lung cancer screening significantly reduces lung cancer deaths in high-risk patients and that the benefit "significantly outweighs the comparatively modest rate of overdiagnosis" found in the new analysis.
Low-dose CT scans are the only test shown to reduce lung cancer deaths in high-risk smokers, the radiology group said, adding, "Overdiagnosis is an expected part of any screening program and does not alter these facts."
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