People checked with a heart CT scan after seeing a doctor for chest pain have no less risk of heart attack, dying or being hospitalized months later than those who take a simple treadmill test or other older exam, according to a study monitoring thousands of patients.
The results are a surprise: CT scans, fancy X-rays that give 3-D images of heart arteries, were expected to prove best and instead turned out to be just a reasonable alternative.
Doctors have used these scans for a decade without knowing whether they are better than traditional tests. The U.S. government funded the $40 million study — the largest ever of heart imaging — to find out.
But the study also wound up exposing how much medical radiation most patients like this — 4 million in the United States each year — are getting. Radiation can raise the risk of developing cancer, yet few doctors are choosing heart tests that do not require radiation, the study revealed.
Large amounts of radiation
"It's such a bad reflection on American medicine," said one independent expert, Dr. Eric Topol of the Scripps Clinic in La Jolla, California. "Look at how much radiation they gave these poor people," equivalent to 500 to 700 regular X-rays, he said. "That is despicable."
If more patients were told the radiation dose before agreeing to a test, more would end up with safer alternatives, he said.
The study involved more than 10,000 patients in the United States and Canada. Results were revealed Saturday at an American College of Cardiology conference in San Diego and published online by the New England Journal of Medicine. All of the patients had symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease (CAD).
The research team leader, Dr. Pamela Douglas, a heart disease expert at Duke University in Durham, N.C., said the study showed prognostic outcomes were similar over a median followup of two years regardless of what type of test was used.
Chest pain can stem from something as serious as a clogged artery or as harmless as indigestion. CT scans are widely used to diagnose heart problems in emergency rooms. But their value isn't known for people who go to a doctor with new but stable, less severe symptoms suggesting hidden heart disease.
In the study, half of the patients were given CT scans. The rest got whatever other test their doctor chose to evaluate how well their heart was working — a sign of whether it is getting enough blood from heart arteries.
Only 10 per cent of doctors chose the simplest test — monitoring the heart with an electrocardiogram (ECG) while the patient walks on a treadmill. It involves no radiation.
About 23 per cent got an echocardiogram — an ultrasound, which uses sound waves instead of radiation. A whopping two-thirds got nuclear stress tests, in which radioactive dye is injected to make the blood vessels show up on pictures. It's the most costly test, and it involves more radiation than a CT scan.
The aim of the study was to see which test led to the best diagnosis and treatment, thereby preventing the most deaths, heart attacks and hospitalizations for heart-related reasons over the next two years.
Only 3 per cent of patients had one of these problems regardless of what kind of test they got. It suggests that many of them may not have extensive testing at all, just medicines to address risk factors such as high blood pressure or cholesterol if their treadmill test was OK, Topol said.
Scans help find blockages
CT scans had one advantage: more accurately guiding who needed appropriate follow-up testing and artery-opening procedures.
CT scanning "more accurately detects blockages and also more accurately excludes them," said Duke University's Dr. Pamela Douglas, who led the study. Deciding on a test is "a choice that doctors and patients should be making together."
Radiation doses are falling as CT equipment improves, but the study "does expose that there are risks to many of these tests," said Dr. Jeffrey Kuvin, one of the cardiology conference leaders and cardiology chief at Tufts Medical Center in Boston.
CT scans cost roughly $400 US; a treadmill test, $175; echocardiogram, $500 and nuclear imaging, $946 to $1,132. But a financial analysis found total costs, including follow-up testing, were about the same.
That result also may have been due to how many doctors chose nuclear imaging for patients not given CT scans. No information was available on how many doctors owned or had a financial stake in the machines they chose for patients' tests.
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